| Notes |
- Henri1, mort le 28 août 886 au siège de Paris, était un noble franc issu de la famille des Popponides, une branche des Robertiens qui s'est installée en Francie orientale. Il occupait les fonctions de chef militaire (princeps militiae) au service de Louis le Jeune, puis fut marquis en Neustrie sous le règne de Charles III le Gros. Il mourut au combat contre les raids vikings en France.
Henri a longtemps été considéré comme un ancêtre de la maison de Babenberg ; néanmoins, une parenté directe ne peut pas être prouvée.
Biographie
Henri, mentionné pour la première fois en 860, est le fils de Poppo (mort vers 839/841), comte dans le Saalgau en Austrasie (la future Franconie). Sa famille serait issue du Robertien Cancor, fils du comte Robert Ier de Hesbaye (mort vers 764)2.
Aussi bien que son père, il était un adversaire du roi Louis II de Germanie. En 866, dans le conflit qui oppose le roi à ses fils, il apparaît comme princeps militiae au service de Louis le Jeune. Il vivait dans l'entourage du roi Charles le Gros, seul souverain de la Francie orientale à partir de 882, et commandait ses troupes contre le duc Hugues d'Alsace, fils du roi Lothaire II de Lotharingie. Lorsque Charles reconstitua l'empire de Charlemagne sous son autorité en 885, de sorte qu'à la mort de Ragenold, marquis de Neustrie, ce fut à Henri que l'empereur confia en 8863 la marche devenue vacante, à charge pour ce dernier de la défendre contre les incursions normandes. À l'époque, il y avait deux marches de Neustrie, l'une bordant la Normandie, l'autre la Bretagne. C'est la première que se vit confier le popponide Henri.
Après avoir, en 885, combattu et détruit les établissements normands en Frise, il se porta, en 886, au secours de Paris assiégée par les Normands, mais fut tué lors des combats4. Charles le Gros se retira, laissant les Vikings piller la Bourgogne, et Paris ne fut sauvée que par la défense organisée par l'évêque Gauzlin, et où s'illustra le comte Eudes.
Mariage et enfants
Son épouse fut probablement Ingeltrude, fille d'Eberhard, marquis de Frioul, et de Gisèle, fille de l'empereur Louis le Pieux. Il en eut :
Hedwige (Haduich) née vers 850/855, mariée à Otton Ier, duc de Saxe5 ;
Adalbert, exécuté le 9 juin 906 ;
Henri, mort vers 902 ou 903 ;
Adélard, exécuté en 903.
Par sa fille Hedwige, Henri de Babenberg est le grand-père du roi Henri Ier de Germanie et c'est par la fille de ce dernier, épouse d'Hugues le Grand, que le prénom Henri passa chez les Capétiens après être passé chez les Ottoniens. Les trois fils d'Henri son morts dans une querelle sanglante avec la dynastie des Conradiens en Franconie.
Par ailleurs, il est de manière quasi-certaine le père ou le beau-père de Bérenger, marquis de Neustrie et comte de Bayeux6.
- Henry[a] (died 28 August 886) was the leading military commander of the last years of the Carolingian Empire. He was commander-in-chief under Kings Louis the Younger and Charles the Fat. His early career was mostly restricted to East Francia, his homeland, but after Charles inherited West Francia in 884 he was increasingly active there. During his time, raids by the Vikings (mainly Danes) peaked in Francia. The sources describe at least eight separate campaigns waged by Henry against the Vikings, most of them successful.
Henry is described in the sources as a Saxon, Frank or Thuringian. His title is given variously as count (Latin comes), margrave (marchensis) or duke (dux). The territory he governed is described variously in the sources as Francia, Neustria or Austrasia, perhaps indicating that his military command covered most of the north of the empire from the Breton March in the west to Frisia and Saxony in the east.
Family
Henry's family has been called the Popponids (German Popponen) because the name Poppo was particularly common among them.[1] It is speculated that he was a son of Count Poppo of Grapfeld,[2] or perhaps of Poppo's son, Christian I of Grapfeld, and his wife, Heilwig.[3] His brother was Poppo, Duke of Thuringia.[4] The Popponids were probably related to the Hattonids, and Henry may have "inherited" his positions in Saxony (from Banzleib) and in Austrasia (from Banzleib's brother Adalbert).[3]
Henry's wife was possibly Ingeltrude: a memorial book of the abbey of Reichenau names a Henry (Heimirich) and an Ingeltrude (Engildrud) side by side.[5]
Henry had three sons, all of whom died during the so-called Babenberg feud with the rival Conradine family:[6][7]
Adalbert (c. 854 – 9 September 906), captured and executed
Adalhard (died 903), captured and executed
Henry (died 902), killed in battle
Widukind of Corvey calls Adalbert a "close relative through his sister" of King Henry I of Germany, which led Emil Kimpen to conclude that Henry I's mother, Hathui (Hedwig, Hadewig), was Adalbert's sister and Duke Henry's daughter. This suggestion has been widely accepted, not least because it explains the adoption of the name Henry by Henry I's family, the Liudolfings.[1] In this case, it is through Duke Henry that the name ultimately entered the East Frankish (German) and West Frankish (French) royal families, the Ottonians and Capetians. Hathui married Duke Otto of Saxony. Their son, Henry I, had a daughter, Hedwig, named after her grandmother, who married Hugh the Great and became the mother of Henry I, Duke of Burgundy, and great-grandmother of King Henry I of France.[8][7]
The House of Babenberg, which governed the March of Austria from 976 until 1246, is generally regarded as descending from the Popponids, possibly through an unnamed daughter of Henry. The names of the children—Henry, Ernest, Poppo, Adalbert and Leopold—of the first known Babenberger, Margrave Leopold I, are strongly suggestive of a link with Henry.[9]
Life
Henry is described by Abbo Cernuus in his Bella Parisiacae urbis as a Saxon. It is more likely he was a Thuringian.[10]
Reign of Louis the Younger
Henry is described by the Annals of Fulda as the "leader of the army" (princeps militiae) of Louis the Younger when the latter rebelled against his father, King Louis the German, in 866. Louis was joined in his revolt by his younger brother, Charles the Fat. The brothers may have been upset by the grant of Bavaria to their older brother, Carloman, as a sub-kingdom in 864. During the short revolt, Louis sent Henry on a mission to Duke Rastislav of Moravia. The rebellion was soon patched up, however, and Louis received Saxony as a sub-kingdom, while Charles got Alemannia.[11]
In 871, a Saxon vassal of Henry's was blinded on the orders of Louis the German, which prompted Louis the Younger and Charles to temporarily cut off relations with their father in solidarity with Henry.[12][13] Nothing is known of Henry's reaction to this incident.[14] It has been suggested that Louis the German took advantage of his sons' insubordination to remove Henry from power in Saxony and replace him with Duke Bruno (brother of the aforementioned Otto, who probably married Henry's daughter).[15]
In 876, Louis the German died and his sons became kings in full in their respective sub-kingdoms. Henry remained in the service of Louis the Younger. In 880, he was sent with Count Adalhard of Metz to make war on Count Theobald of Arles, the chief commander of the army of Hugh of Lotharingia, Louis's second cousin who had been excluded from the succession. According to the Annals of Fulda, Henry won a "bloody victory". The victorious army then joined the rest of Louis the Younger's forces and marched on Mâcon, which they took from the rebel leader Boso, who had made himself king in Burgundy and Provence in opposition to the Carolingians.[16]
Reign of Charles the Fat
Louis the Younger died in January 882 and was succeeded by Charles the Fat, who thus reunited the East Frankish kingdom of Louis the German. Under Charles, Henry's career is a succession of battles with Viking raiders. Charles almost immediately sent Henry with an army to besiege Asselt, where an army of Vikings was encamped. According to the Annals of Fulda, Henry and Charles's nephew Arnulf led the advance guard, with Henry in charge of the Frankish contingent and Arnulf leading the Bavarian troops.[17] Charles arrived with the main force in May 882.[18]
Having received oaths from the Viking leaders, the siege of Asselt was considered a success and the Frankish army withdrew. After his Christmas court in 882, the king sent Henry against some Vikings who had raided Deventer. According to the Annals of Fulda, Henry "settled matters as well as he could, and returned."[19] In late 883, Henry marched against the Vikings again, inflicting severe losses on them. According to the Annals of Fulda, "it is said that not one escaped". Henry, however, was wounded in the fighting.[20]
In 884, Henry won two more victories over the Vikings, slaughtering them "wherever they wanted to go to plunder", according to the annalist of Fulda. Some Vikings who had been harrying West Francia then overwintered in the Hesbaye in 884–85. In early 885, Henry and Archbishop Liutbert of Mainz surprised them in their camp. The survivors fled by night, leaving their plunder behind.[21] Henry and Liutbert are the most prominent men (after the Carolingian kings) in the latter part of the Mainz recension of the Annals of Fulda. This is probably because its author was a partisan of Louis the Younger, as Henry and Liutbert had been Louis's chief advisors.[22]
In 885, Godfrid, one of the Viking leaders at Asselt who had sworn oaths to Charles, taken baptism and received Frisia, was accused of plotting with the king's cousin Hugh to seize Lotharingia. Henry tricked him into a meeting and killed him with his followers.[13][7] According to the Annals of Saint-Vaast, one of Godfrid's followers, Gerolf, defected and plotted Godfrid's downfall with Henry.[23] Henry then captured Hugh at Gondreville and handed him over to the emperor, who had him blinded and imprisoned in the monastery of Saint Gall.[24]
In 885, a large Viking force laid siege to Paris. The defence of the city fell to Bishop Joscelin and Count Odo. According to the Annals of Saint-Vaast, after the Vikings destroyed one of Paris's towers, Joscelin sent Count Herkenger of Melun to East Francia with specific instructions to ask Henry to come with an army.[23]
As a result, in 886 Henry led the first army to relieve the siege. it was in the field from 9 February until 1 May, but its only actions were skirmishes with Vikings who occasionally strayed too far from their fortifications. By July, Charles himself was leading a huge army towards Paris. Henry was again sent off with an advance guard while the emperor was still at Metz. It was during this expedition that Henry's horse fell into a trap near Quierzy and he was cut off from his men and killed on 28 August. The same basic account of Henry's death is found in the Annals of Saint-Vaast, the chronicle of Regino of Prüm and the Annals of Fulda.[25]
Death, burial and epitaph
The deaths of Hugh and Henry in August placed Count Odo in a preeminent position in West Francia. While writers looking back tended to see him as succeeding his brother Robert the Strong directly, he did not in fact do so. Rather, the sudden deaths of the Hugh and Henry followed by that of the Emperor Charles less than two years later left a vacuum in the West that Odo was able to take advantage of to have himself elected king in 888.[26]
The Annals of Fulda appear to assign blame for Henry's death when recording that he was "abandoned by his men".[25] Regino records that Henry was buried in the Abbey of Saint-Médard de Soissons. An eight-distich epitaph for Henry was added by an eleventh-century hand to a copy of Regino's chronicle. A marginal note[b] beside Regino's account of Henry's death directs the reader to the epitaph, which appears at the end of the manuscript.[27][c]
Titles
By 871, according to the Annals of Fulda, Henry was a count (Latin comes), a title the annalist prefers for him until the end of his life, even after he had attained higher rank. By contrast, Regino of Prüm, usually calls Henry a duke (dux), a title implying military command and the control of territory much larger than a county.[12][13] Under the year 885, the Annals of Saint Vaast call Henry the Duke of the Austrasians (dux Austrasiorum).[23]
The Annals of Fulda describe Henry in 886 as "the margrave of the Franks, who held Neustria at that time" (marchensis Francorum, qui in id tempus Niustriam tenuit).[29] This has been interpreted as "a generalised military responsibility which included Neustria".[26] Karl Ferdinand Werner goes further, saying that "in all the Frankish kingdoms properly so-called," that is, in Austrasia, Neustria and Franconia,[d] "Charles gave all powers to his commander-in-chief Henry."[8]
On the other hand, Donald Jackman sees Henry's final command as restricted to Neustria proper, where he succeeded Hugh the Abbot after the latter's death on 12 May 886.[15] According to Henry's epitaph, he was "triarch" (triarchos) of the Saxons, Franks and Frisians, which may mean that he ruled over them simultaneously or in succession. Rule over Frisia may have indicated in fact a march in western Saxony bordering Frisia.[3] Jackman favours three successive marcher commands for Duke Henry, while Matthias Becher suggests that triarchos is a corruption of trimarchio (three-times margrave) under the influence of demarchus (people-ruler) and indicates that Henry acquired multiple marches simultaneously. There is no question that Henry in the reign of Charles the Fat was second only to the king in power.[30]
- Heinrich I. (860 bezeugt; † 28. August 886 vor Paris), aus der Familie der fränkischen Babenberger, war der ältere Sohn des Grafen Poppo im Saalgau, Markgraf von Friesland.
Ebenso wie sein Vater war Heinrich ein erklärter Gegner des Königs Ludwig des Deutschen (840–876) und war in die Verschwörung gegen Ludwig verwickelt, die ab dem Jahr 861 im östlichen Franken und in Bayern so unkoordiniert für Aufruhr sorgte, dass der König seine Gegner nacheinander unterwerfen konnte.
Im Jahr 866 war er der princeps militiae des Teilkönigs Ludwig III. des Jüngeren, unter Karl III. dem Dicken als dessen oberster Feldherr zeitweise marchio francorum und dux Austrasiorum. Im Jahr 880 war Heinrich der Befehlshaber des Heeres, das gegen den elsässischen Herzog Hugo, den Sohn Lothars II. zog. Seine wichtigste Aufgabe war jedoch die Bekämpfung der in das Rheinland einfallenden Normannen. 884 stand er an der Spitze des Heeres, das Sachsen gegen die Normannen verteidigte (an seiner Seite auch Bischof Arn) und befreite im gleichen Jahr das besetzte Duisburg und den Niederrhein von der Wikingerherrschaft. Im Jahr darauf beendete er auch die Herrschaft der Normannen in Friesland – dies gelang vor allem durch die Ermordung der normannischen Heerführer Gottfried und Sigfrid. Im gleichen Jahr griff er zugunsten seines Bruders Poppo (II.) auch im Streit um das Amt des thüringischen Herzogs ein.
Ein Jahr später, 886, wieder im Einsatz gegen die Normannen, diesmal in Neustrien als dortiger Militärbefehlshaber Karls III., geriet Heinrich bei der Belagerung von Paris durch die Normannen, die er aufheben sollte, in einen Hinterhalt: sein Pferd stürzte bei einem Erkundungsritt, den er von der Königspfalz Quierzy an der Oise gestartet hatte, in eine normannische Fallgrube, und Heinrich wurde in der Grube von in der Nähe versteckt lauernden Normannen erschlagen. Er wurde im Kloster St.Médard in Soissons begraben.
Heinrich war der Vater der drei in der Babenberger Fehde umgekommenen Brüder:
Adalbert, hingerichtet 9. Juni 906, Graf 888
Adalhard, hingerichtet 902, Graf 888
Heinrich; † 902/903, Graf 888
Zudem hatte er eine Tochter, Hadui(ch) († 24. Dezember 903) die seit etwa 869/870 mit dem Liudolfinger Otto dem Erlauchten, Herzog von Sachsen († 30. November 912) verheiratet war. Somit war der princeps militiae Heinrich der Großvater des deutschen Königs Heinrich I. und derjenige, der den eigentlich robertinischen Namen Heinrich in den ostfränkischen Adel einbrachte. Als Ehefrau Heinrichs wird in der Forschung Ingeltrud, die Tochter Eberhards von Friaul diskutiert.
- Hendrik van Babenberg (ook wel Hendrik van Neustrië) (ca. 820 - bij Parijs, 28 augustus 886) was de belangrijkste legeraanvoerder van Lodewijk III de Jonge en Karel de Dikke. Hendrik was markgraaf van Saksen en hertog van Franken.
Hij was een zoon van Poppo I van Grabfeld en Williswind, een dochter of kleindochter van Cancor. Zijn jongere broer was Poppo van Thüringen.
Zijn belangrijkste kasteel was de Babenberg waar het geslacht van de Babenbergers naar is genoemd, op de plaats van het kasteel is de stad Bamberg ontstaan.
even en Loopbaan
Moeizame relatie met Lodewijk de Duitser
In 861 nam Hendrik deel aan de mislukte opstand van Koenraad van Beieren tegen Lodewijk de Duitser. Dit bleef blijkbaar zonder ernstige gevolgen voor Hendrik want in 866 trad hij op als legeraanvoerder voor Lodewijk III tegen Moravië. In 871 kwam hij echter weer in conflict met Lodewijk toen die een vazal van Hendrik de ogen liet uitsteken, en zo inbreuk maakte op Hendriks bevoegdheden. Na de dood van Lodewijk de Duitser trad Hendrik pas in 880 weer op de voorgrond als aanvoerder tegen de opstandige Hugo, hertog van de Elzas.
Gevechten tegen de Noormannen in het gebied van Rijn en Maas
Nadat Karel de Dikke koning van geheel Oost-Francië was geworden, werd Hendrik zijn legeraanvoerder. In 882 trok hij in opdracht van de keizer aan het hoofd van een Frankisch leger snel op tegen Godfried de Noorman die met een leger van Vikingen bij Asselt in de Maasvallei was gelegerd. De geplande verrassingsaanval mislukte echter. Daarna was hij een van de leiders hij de belegering van Asselt. Voordat het tot een echte veldslag kwam, werd er echter een akkoord gesloten waarbij de inval van Godfried werd afgekocht met een geldbedrag en met graafschappen in Friesland.
Het jaar daarop bevocht Hendrik de Vikingen echter alweer in de omgeving van Prüm.
In 884 stond hij aan de leiding van een leger dat Saksen tegen de Noormannen verdedigde. Aan zijn zijde bevond zich ook bisschop Arn van Würzburg. Hij bevrijdde in deze campagne het bezette Duisburg en de gebieden van de Nederrijn.
Complot van Spijk
In 885 rekende Hendrik definitief af met Godfried de Noorman en Hugo van de Elzas. Zijn soldaten vermoordden samen met de lokale graven Gerulf en Everhard Saxo, Godfried tijdens een feestelijke bijeenkomst in Spijk. Hugo werd gevangengenomen. Zijn ogen werden uitgestoken.
Markgraaf van Neustrië
Toen Karel de Dikke in 884 ook koning van West-Francië was geworden, werd Hendrik na de dood van Ragenold van Neustrië in 885 ook met de verdediging van Neustrië tegen de Vikingen belast. Hij werd tot markgraaf van Neustrië benoemd.[1]
In 886 probeerde hij Parijs te ontzetten toen die stad door de Vikingen werd belegerd. Hendrik moest zich terugtrekken maar toen Karel de Dikke zich met versterkingen bij hem voegde, trok hij weer naar Parijs. Hendrik werd toen tijdens een schermutseling gedood. Hij lag begraven in de abdij van Sint-Medardus te Soissons waar ook veel leden van het Merovingische koningshuis lagen begraven.
Familie
Hendrik was zoon van Poppo I van Grabfeld en een onbekende vrouw. Hij was getrouwd met Ingeltrudis, mogelijk een dochter van Eberhard van Friuli en Gisela, dochter van Lodewijk de Vrome en Judith van Beieren. Zij hadden de volgende kinderen:
Hedwig van Babenberg, getrouwd met Otto I van Saksen, de stamhertog van Saksen, en de moeder van Hendrik de Vogelaar.
Adalbert (854 - 9 september 906), overviel en doodde op 23 februari 906 hertog Koenraad de Oudere van Thüringen. Namens de koning kreeg hij een vrijgeleide voor besprekingen maar hij werd gevangengenomen en onthoofd, als straf voor het breken de rijksvrede.
Adalhard (-903) gevangengenomen door de familie van hertog Koenraad van Thüringen en gedood.
Hendrik, gesneuveld in 902/903
Adelinde, (ca. 855 - na 915), gehuwd met Eticho I van de Ammergau, maakt omstreeks 910 een pelgrimstocht naar Jeruzalem, begraven in het klooster van Buchau
volgens sommige reconstructies ook Berengar van Bayeux
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830 - 886 (56 years)
Graaf In Saalgau Poppo I. im Saalgau
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